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(approximately 1600 BCE) to the Middle Ages (around 500 CE).  The reasons for this are historical.  In the early centuries CE, global climate change drove many new peoples into the Eastern and then Western Roman empires.  This influx eventually brought enough instability that the Western Empire – Europe – shattered into many small, unstable kingdoms.  They never forgot the grandeur of the Roman Empire, even as they lost the skill to build grandiose monuments, to write hair-raising literature, and to enforce